Halspiviridae
Halspiviridae is a family of viruses that includes a single genus, Salterprovirus, which contains the only recognized species, Salterprovirus His1 (His1). This virus was isolated from hypersaline water in Australia and is capable of infecting the halophilic archaeon Haloarcula hispanica.
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Etymology
The family name, Halspiviridae, is derived from the words "halophilic" (salt-loving) and "spindle-shaped," referencing the virus's habitat and virion shape. The genus name, Salterprovirus, is a combination of "salty terminal protein virus," which refers to the linear double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome of the virus that has proteins attached to its 5' termini.
Taxonomy
The Halspiviridae family contains a single genus, Salterprovirus, which includes the species Salterprovirus His1. The virus has a spindle-shaped virion, which is similar in shape to viruses from the Fuselloviridae family, a group that infects thermophilic archaea. Originally, His1 was considered a member of the Fuselloviridae, but further analysis revealed no genetic relationship and distinct differences in replication strategies. Consequently, His1 was classified into the newly established Salterprovirus genus within the Halspiviridae family. Additionally, DNA sequences derived from the Namib salt pans suggest the presence of currently unrecognized, distant relatives of His1.
Structure
The His1 virion is enveloped and exhibits a spindle-shaped morphology, similar to its Fuselloviridae counterparts. The genome is linear, approximately 14.5 kb in length, and contains 35 open reading frames (ORFs). The virion dimensions vary slightly, but the typical virion is about 92 x 40 nm, with a 12 nm tail. His1 virions have a limoniform (lemon-shaped) capsid with a short tail. High-resolution electron micrographs and cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) reconstructions have provided detailed structural insights into the virus.
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